Technical Deep Dive
| Parameter | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Validator Count | 21 | Expandable to 100 via governance |
| Microblock Size | 512KB | Generated every 10ms |
| Macroblock Size | 5MB | Contains multiple microblocks, every 100ms |
| TPS Limit | 50,000+ | For standard stablecoin transfers |
| Transaction Fee | $0.001 | Fixed fee model |
type StablecoinTransaction struct {
From string // Sender address
To string // Recipient address
Amount *big.Int // Transfer amount
Currency string // Currency (USDT/USDC)
PaymentID string // Order ID (required)
OrderInfo OrderInfo // Order details
KYCProof *KYCProof // KYC proof
ExpiredAt uint64 // Expiration time
}
Microblock Generation (10ms) → Microblock Propagation → Subset Confirmation (300ms) → Macroblock Generation (100ms) → BFT Consensus → Final Confirmation (1s)
func FastConfirmation(
microBlock *Block,
validatorSet *ValidatorSubset,
) (*Confirmation, error) {
// 1. Select 7-validator subset
validators := validatorSet.GetFastConfirmationSet()
// 2. Send confirmation requests to subset
confirmations := make([]*ValidatorConfirmation, 0)
for _, validator := range validators {
conf, err := validator.RequestConfirmation(microBlock)
if err != nil {
continue
}
confirmations = append(confirmations, conf)
// 3. Return once we have 2/3+ confirmations
if len(confirmations) >= FastConfirmThreshold {
// 4. Generate aggregate confirmation proof
proof := GenerateFastConfirmationProof(confirmations)
return &Confirmation{
BlockID: microBlock.ID,
Proof: proof,
Latency: time.Millisecond * 300,
Final: false, // Fast but not final
}, nil
}
}
return nil, ErrNotEnoughConfirmations
}
func FullConsensus(
mainBlock *Block,
validatorSet *ValidatorSet,
) (*Confirmation, error) {
// 1. Prepare Phase
prepareVotes, err := collectPrepareVotes(
mainBlock,
validatorSet.GetAllValidators(),
)
if err != nil ||
len(prepareVotes) < BFTThreshold {
return nil, ErrPrepareFailed
}
// 2. Pre-Commit Phase
preCommits, err := collectPreCommits(
mainBlock,
prepareVotes,
validatorSet.GetAllValidators(),
)
if err != nil ||
len(preCommits) < BFTThreshold {
return nil, ErrPreCommitFailed
}
// 3. Commit Phase
commits, err := collectCommits(
mainBlock,
preCommits,
validatorSet.GetAllValidators(),
)
if err != nil ||
len(commits) < BFTThreshold {
return nil, ErrCommitFailed
}
// 4. Finalization Phase
finalProof := GenerateFinalConsensusProof(commits)
return &Confirmation{
BlockID: mainBlock.ID,
Proof: finalProof,
Latency: time.Second * 1,
Final: true, // Full consensus final confirmation
}, nil
}
StableSwap combines constant sum (x + y = k) and constant product (x * y = k) curves:
func calculateDynamicA(
priceVolatility float64,
deviationFromPeg float64
) uint256 {
// Base amplification coefficient
baseA := 200
// Volatility penalty
volatilityFactor := max(0.1,
1 - priceVolatility * 10)
// Deviation penalty
deviationFactor := max(0.1,
1 - deviationFromPeg * 20)
// Calculate final amplification coefficient
dynamicA := baseA * volatilityFactor *
deviationFactor
// Ensure A is within reasonable range
return min(max(dynamicA, 10), 1000)
}
ULayer supports multiple stablecoin pool types:
function _calculateD(
uint256[] memory xp,
uint256 amp
) internal pure returns (uint256) {
uint256 n = xp.length;
uint256 sum = 0;
for (uint256 i = 0; i < n; i++) {
sum = sum.add(xp[i]);
}
if (sum == 0) return 0;
uint256 d = sum;
uint256 ann = amp.mul(n.pow(n));
for (uint256 i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
uint256 d_prev = d;
uint256 prod = d;
for (uint256 j = 0; j < n; j++) {
prod = prod.mul(d).div(xp[j].mul(n));
}
d = ann.mul(sum).add(prod.mul(n)).mul(d).div(
ann.sub(1).mul(d).add(n.add(1).mul(prod))
);
if (d > d_prev) {
if (d.sub(d_prev) <= 1) break;
} else {
if (d_prev.sub(d) <= 1) break;
}
}
return d;
}
| AMM Model | Slippage on $1M Trade | Required Pool Size | Capital Efficiency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uniswap v2 | ~1% | $100M | 1x (baseline) |
| Uniswap v3 | ~0.1% | $20M | 5x |
| Curve Finance | ~0.05% | $10M | 10x |
| ULayer StableSwap | ~0.02% | $5M | 20x |
function completeBridge(
bytes32 bridgeId, // Bridge ID
string memory txHash // Transaction hash
) external onlyValidator {
BridgeRecord storage record = bridgeRecords[bridgeId];
require(
record.status == BridgeStatus.SourceConfirmed,
"Invalid bridge status"
);
require(
record.targetChain == block.chainid,
"Wrong chain for completion"
);
// Update status
record.status = BridgeStatus.Processed;
record.transactionHash = txHash;
// Mint or release tokens
if (isNativeStablecoin(record.stablecoin,
block.chainid)) {
// If target chain is source chain, release tokens
IERC20(record.stablecoin).transfer(
record.targetAddress,
record.amount - record.fee
);
} else {
// If target chain is not source chain, mint tokens
ULayerStablecoin(record.stablecoin).bridgeMint(
record.targetAddress,
record.amount - record.fee
);
}
// Distribute fees to validators
distributeFees(bridgeId, record.fee);
// Final status update
record.status = BridgeStatus.Completed;
emit BridgeCompleted(
bridgeId,
record.targetAddress,
record.stablecoin,
record.amount - record.fee
);
}
type MultiChainLiquiditySystem struct {
// Per-chain pools
ChainPools map[string]*ChainLiquidityPool
// Global management
GlobalManager struct {
RebalanceEngine *GlobalRebalanceEngine
RiskManager *MultiChainRiskManager
LiquidityOracle *LiquidityOracleSystem
GovernanceModule *PoolGovernance
}
// Supported chains
SupportedChains []ChainConfig{
{ChainID: "ethereum", MinReserve: 5000000_000000}, // 5M USDT
{ChainID: "bsc", MinReserve: 3000000_000000}, // 3M USDT
{ChainID: "polygon", MinReserve: 2000000_000000}, // 2M USDT
{ChainID: "arbitrum", MinReserve: 1000000_000000}, // 1M USDT
{ChainID: "tron", MinReserve: 2000000_000000}, // 2M USDT
{ChainID: "avalanche", MinReserve: 1000000_000000}, // 1M USDT
}
// Total reserves: 12M USDT distributed reserves
TotalReserves: 12000000_000000
}
func ProcessInstantSettlement(
payment *CrossChainPayment,
) (*SettlementResult, error) {
startTime := time.Now()
// 1. Receive payment on source chain
sourcePool := ChainPools[payment.SourceChain]
receiveTx, err := sourcePool.ReceivePayment(&ReceivePaymentRequest{
From: payment.FromAddress,
Amount: payment.Amount,
Token: payment.Token,
PaymentID: payment.PaymentID,
})
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("payment reception failed: %w", err)
}
// 2. Real-time balance update
updatePoolBalances(payment.SourceChain, payment.Token,
payment.Amount, true)
// 3. Check target chain liquidity
targetPool := ChainPools[payment.TargetChain]
liquidity, err := targetPool.CheckLiquidity(payment.Token,
payment.Amount)
if err != nil || !liquidity.Sufficient {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("insufficient target liquidity")
}
// 4. Execute target chain settlement (no cross-chain required)
settleTx, err := targetPool.ExecuteSettlement(&SettlementRequest{
To: payment.ToAddress,
Amount: payment.Amount,
Token: payment.Token,
PaymentID: payment.PaymentID,
})
// 5. Update target chain balance
updatePoolBalances(payment.TargetChain, payment.Token,
payment.Amount, false)
// 6. Record completion time
processingTime := time.Since(startTime)
// 7. Return result
return &SettlementResult{
PaymentID: payment.PaymentID,
SourceTxHash: receiveTx.Hash,
TargetTxHash: settleTx.Hash,
ProcessingTime: processingTime, // Target: <500ms
Status: SettlementStatusCompleted,
Cost: big.NewInt(1000), // $0.001 internal cost
}, nil
}
// Validate relay request
function validateRelayRequest(
RelayRequest calldata request,
bytes calldata signature
) internal view {
// Verify signature
address signer = recoverSigner(request, signature);
require(signer == request.user, "Invalid signature");
// Check nonce
require(
request.nonce == userNonces[request.user],
"Invalid nonce"
);
// Check deadline
require(
block.timestamp <= request.deadline,
"Request expired"
);
// Check relayer fee
require(
request.relayerFee <= request.amount *
maxRelayerFeeBps() / 10000,
"Relayer fee too high"
);
}
// Execute bridge operation
function executeBridgeOperation(
address user,
address stablecoin,
uint256 amount,
uint256 targetChain,
address targetAddress
) internal returns (bytes32) {
// Get bridge contract
CrossChainBridge bridge = CrossChainBridge(
bridgeAddress
);
// Transfer tokens from user to bridge contract
IERC20(stablecoin).transferFrom(
user, address(bridge), amount
);
// Execute bridge operation
bytes32 bridgeId = bridge.initiateBridgeWithRelayer(
user,
stablecoin,
amount,
targetChain,
targetAddress,
msg.sender // Relayer gets credited
);
return bridgeId;
}
// Validator status
enum ValidatorStatus {
None, // Not a validator
Pending, // Awaiting approval
Active, // Active validator
Slashed, // Penalized
Resigned // Voluntarily exited
}
// Validator info
struct ValidatorInfo {
address addr; // Address
bytes publicKey; // Public key
uint256 stake; // Staked amount
uint256 joinedAt; // Join time
ValidatorStatus status; // Status
uint256 totalVerified; // Total verified messages
uint256 missedVerifications; // Missed verifications
uint256 reputation; // Reputation score
string endpoint; // API endpoint
}
// Apply as validator
function applyAsValidator(
bytes memory publicKey,
string memory endpoint
) external payable {
require(
msg.value >= minimumValidatorStake(),
"Insufficient stake"
);
require(
validators[msg.sender].status == ValidatorStatus.None,
"Already registered"
);
validators[msg.sender] = ValidatorInfo({
addr: msg.sender,
publicKey: publicKey,
stake: msg.value,
joinedAt: block.timestamp,
status: ValidatorStatus.Pending,
totalVerified: 0,
missedVerifications: 0,
reputation: 0,
endpoint: endpoint
});
emit ValidatorApplicationSubmitted(
msg.sender, msg.value
);
}
// Get active validator count
function getActiveValidatorCount() public view returns (uint256) {
return validatorList.length;
}
// Get validator threshold (2/3 majority)
function getValidatorThreshold() public view returns (uint256) {
return (getActiveValidatorCount() * 2 / 3) + 1;
}
| Phase | Duration | Technical Focus | Deliverables |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 Core Protocol |
3 months |
- Consensus implementation - Core transaction processing - Basic stablecoin features |
- Core protocol repository - Docker deployment - Private testnet |
| Phase 2 AMM & Bridges |
3 months |
- StableSwap implementation - First cross-chain bridges - Basic relayer network |
- StableSwap contracts - Bridge contracts - Public testnet |
| Phase 3 Advanced Features |
4 months |
- Complete gasless system - Multi-chain adapters - Liquidity management |
- Full SDKs - Developer documentation - Security audits |
| Phase 4 Production |
2 months |
- Performance optimization - Final security audits - Production deployment |
- Mainnet launch - Admin dashboard - Monitoring infrastructure |
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